Reference
Keith Stanovich
System 1 and System 2 are usually traced to his 1999 use of them as generic labels, and he has since stopped using them.
Stanovich's work asks why intelligent people reason badly, and much of it measures differences between individuals on tasks where the obvious answer is wrong. In 1999 he used System 1 and System 2 as neutral labels for two clusters of properties drawn from many different theories, so as not to favour any of them. His 2009 book What Intelligence Tests Miss won the 2010 Grawemeyer Award in Education.
The point to keep hold of is that he has walked away from his own terms. Writing with Jonathan Evans in 2013, he said the labels suggest, falsely, that the processes sit in two specific systems. He still defends a distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 processing, and that defence is contested by other researchers.
Referenced work
- Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate (With Jonathan Evans, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2013) reference
- What Intelligence Tests Miss (Yale University Press, 2009) reference
Elsewhere
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